Waterborne paints and adhesives
They are emulsions — polymer and pigment particles dispersed in water. Below 0 °C the water crystallizes and expels those particles from the suspension, causing irreversible coagulation ("emulsion breaking"). After thawing, the product is left lumpy and separated, never recovering its flow or adhesion. Stability is evaluated with tests such as ASTM D2243; antifreeze additives (glycols, urea) only shift the freezing point slightly — they do not prevent the damage.



